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Publiez vos documents !The Russian Revolution: Nestor Ivanovich Makhno and the Makhnovschyna
Résumé de la fiche
Nestor Makhno, who led the libertarian rising in southeastern Ukraine, was one of the most fascinating and heroic figures of the Russian Civil War. His movement was the only peasant uprising of the 20th century which succeeded to create a libertarian society when the tsarist one was dying. But, in the stormy years of 1917-20, the political oppositions and the clashes of power got the better of the Anarcho-peasant fight for land and freedom. At the same time, he and his partisans, the Makhnovists, tried to apply Anarchist ideas, and fought against many enemies, opposing Reds as well as Whites, Austrian invaders and Ukrainian nationalists. The role of Makhno was central in this movement called Makhnovschyna, all his life was connected with the political struggles of the ex-tsarist empire in the early 20th century.
Makhno was born in October 27th 1888 in the South of Ukraine, at Gulyai-Polye, a village situated between the Dnieper River and the Sea of Azov. He was the fifth son of a family of poor peasants, and his father died when he was a baby. Until he was 10 years old, he went to school during the winter, but very early in his life, he worked in order to help his family to survive. Then he was an agricultural worker and worked in a factory. Soon, because of his living-conditions, he became very hateful against the landlords who owned the lands where the peasants worked. As we can see, his roots were totally rural and poor, he was so very representative of the population of Ukraine. It was one of the reasons of the total adhesion by the Ukrainian people on his activities. He was a leader who was one of them, they called him ?batko?, an affectionate word that means little father.
Sommaire de la fiche
- 1808 - 1851 : De l'exil à la Présidence de la République
- Un jeune exilé attaché aux principes de 1789
- Le temps des coups manqués (Strasbourg, Boulogne)
- Du triomphe démocratique du 10 décembre 1848
- 1851-1860 : « de l'Elysée aux Tuileries », la mise en place et l'apogée de l'empire autoritaire
- L'empereur, centre de gravité du nouveau régime
- « Le grand bond en avant » : l'expansion économique du pays
- Un empereur soucieux du prestige européen et mondial de la France
- 1860-1873 : Des désillusions de la libéralisation au dernier exil
- Le régime tend à se libéraliser sous l'impulsion de l'empereur
- « Des points noirs ont surgi à l'horizon et l'assombrissent » (Napoléon III, 1867) : les échecs et la montée des oppositions
- Le désastre de Sedan, l'effondrement de l'empire et la mort en exil
Extraits de la fiche
[...] One of the main differences between the Makhnovist soldiers and the others, was the convinction. The Makhnovists really believed in what they fought for, whereas in the Red Army, and in the Whites', the desertions were very numerous and they were not very tough in the fights. The attitude towards the prisoners differed as well; Makhno asked them if they wanted to join them, if they refused they could go back unarmed in their villages. Only the main officers were killed, whereas the sumary executions were frequent when the Reds and the Whites won the battle. [...]
[...] The propaganda was entirely applicable, and generally worked against the Makhnovschyna. The Bolsheviks, especially Trotsky spread many gossips and wrong news about the movement. Makhno was accused to practice pogroms against the Jews; we know now it was false because of the presence of many Jews in the Makhnovist command. We know as well that Makhno punished very severely all the attacks against them. Jews were often chosen as target, anti-semitism was present in all the armies, but it was not forbidden in the White Army, it was even encouraged sometimes in order to favour nationalism. [...]
[...] Michael MALET, Makhno in the Russian Civil War. Peter ARSHINOV, History of the Makhnovist movement. Alexander SKIRDA, Nestor Makhno, le cosaque libertaire. [...]
[...] In May, they tried to kill Makhno, but the two Cheka agents were caught and executed. Then Trotsky decided to outlaw the movement. The Makhnovists were attacked by the Denikin's Whites and also by the Bolshevik troops. Hostilities between Makhnovists and Bolsheviks stopped after the revival of the Whites when Baron Wrangel, Denikin's successor started a major assault in October 1920. Once again the Reds asked Makhno for a pact against the common enemy, in return, all Anarchists in jail would be released and the freedom of libertarian press would be guaranteed. [...]
[...] The Russian Revolution: Nestor Ivanovich Makhno and the Makhnovschyna Analysis Nestor Makhno, who led the libertarian rising in south-eastern Ukraine, was one of the most fascinating and heroic figures of the Russian Civil War. His movement was the only peasant uprising of the 20th century which succeeded to create a libertarian society when the tsarist one was dying. But, in the stormy years of 1917-20, the political oppositions and the clashes of power got the better of the Anarcho-peasant fight for land and freedom. [...]
À propos de l'auteur
Samuel T.Surveillant Externat- Niveau
- Avancé
- Etude suivie
- Science...
- Ecole, université
- Lyon 2
Descriptif de la fiche
- Date de publication
- 2002-05-15
- Date de mise à jour
- 2002-05-15
- Langue
- anglais
- Format
- Word
- Type
- fiche
- Nombre de pages
- 5 pages
- Niveau
- avancé
- Téléchargé
- 0 fois
- Validé par
- le comité de lecture