Globalization is a very up-to-date and highly debated topic, since economists have realized that the human society has really changed since the beginning of globalization. However, this observation is not new. Human society has always practiced international exchanges with trade routes like the Silk Road in Asia. Marco Polo is one of the forerunners of this trend. This open topic means different things to different people, and it is very hard to give a real definition. We may only say that globalization is very close to the ideas of a global village, single world society, and modernization. The world is becoming interdependent, and interconnected with respect to economy, as boundaries do not exist anymore.
To explain globalization we will first see what the different theories which appeared through centuries from mercantilism to International investment are. Then we will identify the link between the origins and the benefits. There are several benefits, but globalization also has limits which we cannot ignore.
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Sommaire de l'exposé
Globalization: theories.
Mercantilism.
Classical trade theory.
Product life-cycle theory and international investment.
Globalization: origins and benefits.
Macro-level of analysis.
Globalization: facts and figures.
What enabled globalization ?.
The Limits of globalization.
The direct costs of globalization.
The increase of disparity between developped and developping countries.
The problem of democracy.
The ecological environment and lasting development.
Extraits de l'exposé
[...] Nowadays, corrupted and anti-democratic countries still exist in some coutries. Moreover, some regions in the world still don't respect for example the women's rights, or more seriously the Human Rights like children labour, discriminations. The problem is also the deficit of social protection: about 80% of the population has no social protection like social security, jobless indemnities. It seems necessary to create institutions for the global world in order to preserve equality between countries and populations because today, there is no real democratic discussions about problems that sets globalization The problem of democracy According to Sen, Nobel prize in 1998, the world needs a certain stability thanks to a global orgnisation resulting from global institutions. [...]
[...] Benefits, but globalization has also limits we can not overshadow. I. Globalization: theories Globalization is said to be fundamental departure from the past but with the growth of small communities world trade really appeared thousand years ago Mercantilism One of the earliest theories is mercantilism (1500 to 1800). The characteristic of this conceptualisation is that it is based on gold: The wealthiest country is the one which owns the biggest quantity of gold; Countries are bound to trade in order to obtain gold (more exportations than importations). [...]
[...] It is very hard for a poor country to develop teself if there is no skilled people to drive the economy. Thus, globalization appears to be a new kind of colonization of the developing nations. We can also emphasize on the problem that governments in some countries generate. For example, the wrong management of the wealth of a coutry by a government can give such results: disparities in the population, poverty, wrong redistribution of wealth. But such a wrong management is often generated by a problem in the institutions themselves. [...]
[...] Journals : 1. Problèmes économiques 1. Le monde diplomatique 2. Le Monde Internet : 1. www.monde-diplomatique.fr : Somavia J. Pour l'instauration de règles du jeu équitables www.le-monde.fr : Les mouvements anti-mondialisation 2. www.intersiderales.collectif.net : définition de la mondialisation. [...]
[...] The range of goods and services is far more wide than before globalization. We can say that globalization enabled the apparition of new products in different countries: the exchanges of goods and products were a way for all the countries to create a sort of global culture of consummation. At this stage, we can't deny the fact that globalization has been profitable to nearly all countries because the economical opening has brought prosperity and wealth for lots of regions in the world like for example Taipei, Thail and that are in the twenty first exporters and importers in world merchandise, or South America coutries such as Venezuela or Argentina. [...]
