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Accédez à la dissert' du jour !The Russian Revolution : The Kronstadt Rebellion of 1921
Résumé de l'exposé
Kronstadt is a naval fortress, built in 1703 by the tsar Peter the Great, on the Kutlin island in the Gulf of Finland, 30 kilometres in the west of Saint Petersburg (which in the early days of the 20th Century was named Petrograd, and then later renamed Leningrad, and is now Saint Petersburg again), it used to be the Russian Baltic Fleet's base. This fortress is very famous, because in March 1921, there was the first and the last popular armed uprising against the despotism of the Communist Party. The revolt ran only for 18 days but the myth of the Kronstadt uprising is still enduring, especially in the Anarchist environments. This event is one of the main references of the History of Anarchism with the Paris Commune and the legendary Anarchist soldiers of the Spanish Civil War.
In October, 1917, the Bolsheviks took the power by the way of a coup d'état in Saint Petersburg and overthrew the provisional government of Kerensky (Liberal and Socialist Revolutionary coalition). In the October Revolution the role of the fortress of Kronstadt was already very important; a great mutiny of soldiers and sailors promoted the end of the provisional government. This revolution was a kind of coup d'état made by the Bolsheviks, and also in many aspects a popular movement. But after, Russia was ruled by an authoritarian party, and the revolution lost its popular and sovietic facets. The Bolsheviks started to ruled alone, and the other revolutionary politic factions as the Anarchists, the Social-Revolutionary, the Liberals were treated as counter-revolutionaries or petit-bourgeois by the new centralised power. Soon afterwards Russia dissolved into a civil war. For several years (1918-1921), the Reds (those who support the new Bolshevik government, led by Vladimir Lenin) and the Whites (Monarchists, and all the counter-revolutionaries) armies fought in order to keep or take the power. In these years, many Anarchists assisted the Bolsheviks in their struggle with the Whites, they found the repressive policies of the government reprehensible, but a White victory seemed worse.
Sommaire de l'exposé
- De la libération aux années De Gaulle: une longue phase d'amnésie nationale
- La mémoire fait les frais de la nécessité de liquider les séquelles de la guerre, la spécificité du régime de Vichy et les luttes intestines
- Nuit et Brouillard met fin aux mythes forgés dans les années 50 et 60
- Le tournant des années 1970 : l'avènement du témoin comme 'fantastique objet d'histoire'
- La remise en cause de la vision traditionnelle des événements et la mobilisation de la mémoire juive
- Shoah, un autre regard sur la déportation et sur le témoignage
Extraits de l'exposé
[...] Sometimes, the most loyal soldiers were behind the unruly troops and shot dead those who hesitated. By 16 March, the order was taking, whatever it cost, the control of the Kronstadt fortress, Lenin: time has come to put an end to opposition?. About 45,000 loyal troops, including thousands more kursanti (fanatically officer cadets from Red Army military academies) and several hundred civilian Communist volunteers had been assembled on the mainland to the north, south and east of Kronstadt. That night, Tukhachevsky ordered a mass attack from all three directions. [...]
[...] In the October Revolution the role of the fortress of Kronstadt was already very important; a great mutiny of soldiers and sailors promoted the end of the provisional government. This revolution was a kind of coup d'état made by the Bolsheviks, and also in many aspects a popular movement. But after, Russia was ruled by an authoritarian party, and the revolution lost its popular and sovietic facets. The Bolsheviks started to ruled alone, and the other revolutionary politic factions as the Anarchists, the Social-Revolutionary, the Liberals were treated as counter-revolutionaries or petit-bourgeois by the new centralised power. [...]
[...] It was too late, the new power's control was yet established. There was also a big problem for the insurgents, in March the Gulf of Finland is blocked by the winter ice. Even though, the ships of the Baltic Fleet were powerful and numerous (two battleships, three heavy cruisers, and 15 gunboats were in port that winter), none of them could go out the Kronstadt's ports. Without the ice, the rebels could easily control the main forts of the Gulf and even the city of Petrograd to spread the influence of the revolt. [...]
[...] The sailors fought like wild beasts. I cannot understand where they found the might for such rage. Each house where they were located had to be taken by storm." Exhausted by 8 days of fighting the Kronstadters decide to leave the place. Eight thousands of them managed to take refuge in Finland, but they will be shot or interned after their return. From the night of the 17th, ironically the 18th was the 50th anniversary of the Paris Commune, the government troops controlled Kronstadt again. [...]
[...] The insurgents, until the defeat, were waiting for this new social revolution, they believed that their movement could be the catalyst of this revolution. But, because of the short life and the isolation of the insurrection, the masses had not follow them. Anyway, the Bolshevik control of more or less the whole country banned almost all the possibilities of rebellion. Moreover, the news about the uprising were totally ruled by the Bolsheviks, and the propaganda against these ?counter-revolutionaries? was very efficient. [...]
À propos de l'auteur
Histoire contemporaine : XIXe, XXe et XXIe

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- Date de publication
- 2002-03-02
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- 2002-03-02
- Langue
- anglais
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- Word
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- dissertation
- Nombre de pages
- 5 pages
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- avancé
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